Clinical significance of anatomical and functional connections of the stellate ganglion

Abstract
This article is a review of anatomical and functional connections of the stellate ganglion on the basis of the study of modern scientific research. The relevance of the research is due to extremely rare application of osteopathic techniques on the stellate ganglion. The techniques available in the osteopath's arsenal are often used locally and are not widely used in practice.

Keywords
stellate ganglion, somatic dysfunction, osteopathy, anatomical-functional connections, autonomic nervous system.

Cite this paper
S.V. Novoseltsev, V.V. Nazarov, Clinical significance of anatomical and functional connections of the stellate ganglion , SCIREA Journal of Clinical Medicine. Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2023 | PP. 157-167. 10.54647/cm321063

References

[ 1 ]	Bigildinsky A.A., Novoseltsev S.V., Malinovsky E.L. Altered afferentation from somatic dysfunction as a possible mechanism of vegetative dystonia syndrome formation. A pilot study. Chiropractic, №3 (59), 2015. - С. 74 - 79.
[ 2 ]	Bigildinsky A.A., Novoseltsev S.V., Nazarov V. Effect of indirect osteopathic correction of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion on the biomechanical status, activity and reactivity of the autonomic nervous system. Chiropractic Therapy, №4 (64), 2016. - С. 45 - 51.
[ 3 ]	Bigildinsky A.A., Novoseltsev S.V., Erofeev N.P. On somatic dysfunction as an object of osteopathy. Chiropractic Therapy, No. 2 (66), 2017. - С. 48 - 52.
[ 4 ]	Kladko A.V. Laws of topography and structural organization of human cervicothoracic (stellate) nodes. D. thesis for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences, Barnaul, 2005. - 30 с.
[ 5 ]	Novoseltsev S.V. Vertebral-basilar insufficiency. Possibilities of chiropractic diagnosis and therapy. Foliant Publishing House, St. Petersburg, 2007. - 208 с.
[ 6 ]	Nozdrachev A.D., Fateyev M.M. Stellate ganglion. Structure and functions. Moscow: Nauka, 2002. - 238 с.
[ 7 ]	Arbab M.A., Wiklund L., Delgado T., Svendgaard N.A. Stellate ganglion innervation of the vertebro-basilar arterial system demonstrated in the rat with anterograde and retrograde WGA-HRP tracing. Brain Res. 1988 Mar 29;445(1):175-80.
[ 8 ]	Arden RL, Bahu SJ, Zuazu MA et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the face; Current treatment recommendation. Laryngoscope 1998; 108:437-442
[ 9 ]	Bonica JJ. Sympathetic nerve blocks for pain diagnosis and therapy. Technical considerations vol. II. Block of stellate ganglion and cervicothoracic and thoracic chains. Published by Winthrop – Breon laboratories 1984; pp. 61-77
[ 10 ]	Buckley F.P., Morricca G., Murphy T.M. Neurolytic blockade and hypophysectomy. In: Bonica JJ (ed). The Management of Pain, ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, Vol. II, 1990; pp. 2012-2014.
[ 11 ]	Cook TG, de Sanctis CA, Plaza JA et al. Stellate ganglion block for sudden profound hearing loss. Anesthesiology 1981; 54:421-423.
[ 12 ]	Elias M. Association of Pain Management Anesthesiologist Cervical Sympathetic and Stellate Ganglion Blocks. Pain Physician, Volume 3, Number 3, 2000, pp. 294-304.
[ 13 ]	E l i a s M . T h e a n t e r i o r a p p r o a c h f o r t h o r a c i c symphatetic ganglion block using a curved needle. Pain Clinic 2000; 12:17-24.
[ 14 ]	Hogan Q, Abram S. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:216-241.
[ 15 ]	Jamieson R.W., Smith D.B., Anson B.J. The cervical sympathetic ganglia an anatomical study of 100 Cervicothoracic Dissections
[ 16 ]	Kapral S, Krafft P, Gosch M et al. Ultrasound imaging for the stellate ganglion block; Direct visualization puncture site and local anesthetic spread. A pilot study. Reg Anesth 1995; 20:323-328
[ 17 ]	Lehmann LJ, Warfield, Bajwa ZII. Migraine headache following stellate ganglion block for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Headache 1996; 36:335-337
[ 18 ]	Liao C., Yang M., Liu P., Zhong W., Zhang W. Thalamic pain alleviated by stellate ganglion block. A case report. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017 Feb; 96(5): e6058
[ 19 ]	Lofstrom B., Cousins M. Sympathetic neural blockade of the upper and lower extremity. In Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain, ed 2. Cousins M, Bridenbaugh PO (eds). London, J.P. Lippincot, 1988.
[ 20 ]	Lynch ME, Elgeneidy AK. The role of sympathetic activity in neuropathic orofacial pain. J Orofac Pain 1996; 10:197-305.
[ 21 ]	Ohinata Y, Makimoto K, Kawakami M, et al. Blood flow in the common carotid and vertebral arteries in patients with sudden deafness. Am Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997; 106:27-32
[ 22 ]	Saxen MA, Campbell RL. An unusual cause for sympathetically maintained facial pain complicating telangiectasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 79:455-458
[ 23 ]	Taneyama C., Goto H. Fractal cardiovascular dynamics and baroreflex sensitivity after stellate ganglion block. Anesth Analg. 2009 Oct; 109(4):1335-40
[ 24 ]	Waldman S.D., Winne A.P. Stellate ganglion block. Interventional Pain Management. Philadelphia, Dannemiller Education, WB Saunders Company, 1996;
[ 25 ]	Wang S., Zhu Y. A case report of stellate ganglion block in the treatment of epileptic pain. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017 Feb; 96(6):e6044
[ 26 ]	Wilkinson H. Percutaneous radiofrequency, upper thoracic sympathectomy. New technique. Neurosurgery 1984; 15:811-814;
[ 27 ]	Wilkinson H. Neurosurgical procedures of the sympathetic nervous system. Pain Clinic 1995; 1:43-50
[ 28 ]	Wood A., Docimo S. Jr, Elkowitz D.E. Cardiovascular Disease and Its Association With Histological Changes of the Left Stellate Ganglion / Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2010; 3: 19–24
[ 29 ]	Yanagida H, Kemi C, Suwa K. The effects of stellate ganglion block on idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval (the Romano-Ward syndrome). Anesth Analg 1976; 55:782-787
[ 30 ]	Yanagita N, Innafuku S, Suzuki Y. Stellate ganglionblock for perceptive tinnitus. Jibinkoka 1971; 43:989-999.